How to Transform a Selection

The first tool to try when making a selection of an element in a photo is the Object Selection tool. However brilliant it is, it won’t work all the time. In this image of a classic sports car, we will select the front wheel.

The wheel is dark, as is the surrounding area, which makes it difficult for automatic selection tools to create an accurate selection.

It also makes it difficult for your to see how accurate the selection is.

A Levels Adjustment layer is added, purely to lighten the area, so we can see the wheel more clearly. At the bottom of the Layers panel, click on the Adjustment button . Select Levels.
The grey (middle) slider has been moved to the left to lighten. The Levels Adjustment layer can be adjusted later, or discarded. Alternatively you could brighten the image with Curves, or Brightness Contrast (although I recommend never using that for a permanent adjustment. See the tutorial on Levels [insert link]

Now we can see the wheel more clearly. This will be essential later when we transform the selection accurately around the wheel. I've included it at this stage, so all following images are consistent.

Using the Object Selection tool and positioning the cursor over the tyre, the whole car is selected.

Drawing around just the wheel with the Object Selection tool produces the selection below.

This is still not acceptable and would need further refining. Instead, we will use the Elliptical Marquee tool, then Transform.

And this is how it looks when a layer mask is applied to the selection. Very unsatisfactory and that would require a lot of work to rectify. Instead, we will use the Elliptical Marquee tool, then Transform, to achieve an accurate selection.

Select the Elliptical Marquee tool from the Toolbar. It shares the button with other Marquee tool. By default the Rectangular Marquee tool is the visible button, but it will show the last tool used.

Consider feathering (blurring) the edge, to help blend your edit into the photo. A feather of 0 will produce a hard edge. The feathering amount depends on the size of the area you are selecting, so I suggest a feather of around 2px, but experiment if that is too much or not enough. Set the Feather amount before using the Elliptical Marquee tool.

Click and drag to create an elliptical selection. This doesn't have to be accurate, as that's what we will do accurately in the next steps using Transform.

The red circle illustrates that the wheel is not perfectly round. We will need to Transform the selection.

From the menu: Selct > Transform Selection.
Click and drag any of the white "handles" to adjust. In recent versions, the aspect ratio will be maintained, whichever handle you drag. Press and hold the Shift key to adjust each handle independently.

This isn't perfect, but it is often good enough for many situations. In this image, there is an imperfect fit around the 2 o'clock and 8 o'clock positions, as well as at the bottom of the tyre, where it is flattened against the road. Sometimes you can't achieve perfect accuracy by Transform Selection alone and will need to use other Transform tools.

From the menu: Edit > Transform. You then have several tools; Scale, Rotate, Skew, Distort, Perspective, Warp. I've found Distort, Skew and Warp to be the most effective for most situations. In this case, select Warp.

Despite the wheel not being perfectly round, we now have a good selection.

A grid and handles will appear over your selection. You can either drag the handles (small blue circles on the end of arms), or just click and drag anywhere in the selection. This allows you to make changes to one area, while leaving other areas unchanged. Note that I've adjusted for the flat area at the bottom of the wheel, where it meets the road.